a. What is advent? It is to light up candles and small lightening bulb four weeks before Christmas (light up a candle per week). It represents the Christians are waiting for second-coming of Christ (reviving).
advent candles>> The use of purple colour or purple decoration is because they think it's royal colour.
* Yeats-- "The Second Coming" (Poem)
"The darkness drops again but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?"
>> Falcon means Christ's death.
>> This poem mentions "rough beasts" because Jesus will come down to earth again but no one knows what kinds of forms he will be. This concept is from the Book of Revelation.
>> Jesus Christ was born in Bethlehem.
>> The author wrote this poem because the civilization of substance was ruined after World War I. People at the era couldn't do anything to change it so they started to query the spiritual civilization such as religions.
b. No matter it is Catholics or Protestants such as Episcopal, Presbyterian, and Baptism, they are all Christians.
"It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be much mistletoeing
And hearts will be glowing
When love ones are near
It's The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year
There'll be parties for hosting
Marshmallows for toasting
And caroling out in the snow
There'll be scary ghost stories
And tales of the glories of
Christmases long, long ago"
>> Kissing under the mistletoe would love forever. That's the reason why they would hang the mistletoe on the front door.
>> Marshmallow is a kind food that Christ had prepared for Christians.
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B. Book Discussion
* The festival-- Dionysia
>> It was a large festival in ancient Athens in honor of the god Dionysus, the central events of which were the theatrical performances of dramatic tragedies and comedies.
b. Thespis is the first person to put a mask on actors and he added dialogue into plays as well.
-- on P.603
* Dramatic Irony-- Because the audiences always know better than the authors, they go to watch the performance for curiosity about how an author ending the story.
c. Medea's ancestor had relations with the god of sun, Hyperion, so after Medea killed many people, she carried away by a chariot. This kind of denouement (resolution) was called deus ex machina (god from machine) -- on P.604
d. There are two kinds of forms in poems. One is "iambic pentameter" and the other one is free verse. -- on P.607
* Example poem for "Iambic pentameter"
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day
v / v / v / v / v /
Thou art more lovely and more temperate.
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.
>> This kind of poem would show with an ending rhyme scheme. In this poem is "ABAB".
e. The power of gods is usually a more serious issue in tragedies. -- on P. 608
f. Chorus would always come on the stage and tell the summary of antecedent. It would make the whole plot much more reasonable. -- on P.611
a. Aristophanes always wrote some comedies such as Lysistrata. -- on P.783
* Lysistrata-- It is a story that women went on sex strike to starve the men for stopping the Peloponnesian War.
b. Because those women thought that Peloponnesian War was a futile war which means that the war was without the result. -- on P.784
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C. Term Explanation and Vocabulary
a. Chorus-- It is a homogeneous, non-individualised group of performers in the plays of classical Greece, who comment with a collective voice on the dramatic action. The chorus consisted of between 12 and 50 players, who variously danced, sang or spoke their lines in unison and sometimes wore masks.
Chorus with masksb. advent-- "Ad" stands for forward such as advantage, advertisement, and adventure.
c. revelation-- expose information in a hidden way
d. futile-- without the result
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